Etiquette.
Getting acquainted with Chinese etiquette – whether it is within a business or social context – is not something that happens overnight. Particularly for those hailing from “Western” countries, learning to communicate and behave appropriately and efficiently can be a daunting task.
One of the first things to be aware of is the Chinese communication style, which is much less openly confrontational than in some other parts of the world. Understanding the notion of “saving” and “giving face” is crucial. “Face” can be lost by being embarrassed or openly criticized in front of other people. A third party is often used as a “middleman” to help solve problems. One “gives face” by avoiding putting another person into such a situation. Oftentimes foreigners are frustrated by the lack of feedback and open communication with Chinese colleagues should plans change or problems arise. It can take a very long time to fully understand the nuances of this concept, but being aware of its existence is the first step, and further research and a willingness to learn more about it are the next.
Not all aspects of etiquette in China are quite as complicated as the concept of “face”. Below are a few tips for successfully communicating with – and avoiding insulting – the Chinese.
Business cards:
Business cards are typically exchanged after the first introduction. One side should be in English and the other in Chinese. Business cards should be handed over and taken with both hands – and then examined carefully – as this is a sign of respect.
Gifts:
Gift giving is a common practice in China, although one should be careful in certain official business situations so that the gesture is not viewed as bribery. The best thing is to consult with a Chinese acquaintance or foreigner who has spent some time in China for advice. Oftentimes gifts will be refused several times by the receiver, but the giver should insist until the gift is accepted. Gifts should be wrapped and usually won’t be opened in front of the giver. Hierarchy plays an important role in China, so persons at higher levels should accordingly receive more valuable gifts. Appropriate gifts are high-quality pens, items from one’s home country (such as handicrafts, pens, key chains, or photograph books), calculators, fruit baskets (although not when invited to meals), or a bottle of fine cognac (if giving the gift to a man). Avoid knives and other sharp objects (a sign of severing ties), as well as clocks, handkerchiefs, flowers, or gifts wrapped in white, blue or black paper (these represent death).
Dining:
Meals play an extremely important role in Chinese society. Guests are almost always invited out to a restaurant. It is a great honor to be invited to someone’s home and any refusals should be explained and profusely apologized for. When invited to a restaurant or a banquet hall, it’s best to wait to be seated by the host. Chopsticks should be laid horizontally across the top of a plate or bowl, or on the chopstick rest if one is provided. Standing them upright represents death. A little food should also always be left on the plate in order to indicate that one has eaten his fill. Women usually do not drink alcohol at meals, and most Chinese women do not smoke. A note to the wise: Drink slowly, especially when baijiu (a very strong distilled Chinese liquor) is involved. Downing the whole glass in one go usually means that everyone is expected to do the same and that one’s glass will immediately be refilled.